FORMAT: Expression AND expression
         Conditional expression AND conditional expression

See Also: OR, NOT, XOR, IF

PURPOSE:
 Finds out a logical multiplication between expressions. Also, it connects conditional expressions.

REMARKS:  
* Values of logical multiplication is as follows in digital numbers:
1 AND 1=1    0 AND 1=0
1 AND 0=0    0 AND 0=0

Even when finding logical multiplication in decimal numbers, the decimal numbers are converted into digital ones to find logical multiplication of each digit and then the results are turned back to be in decimal numbers. 

EXAMPLE:
41 AND 27 = 9
41 and 27 are converted into digital numbers(101001 and 011011) and AND in each digit is taken off. Then the result(001001) is converted back to be in decimal number which is 9. * Integral parts of the values ranging from -32,768 to 32,767 are effective.  

FORMAT: ASC  "string"
              string variable

See Also: CHR$

PURPOSE:
Returns the character code for the first character in the specified string.

REMARKS:
Specify the string as the contents of a string variable in the form X$ or as an actual string 
enclosed in quotes, "XXXX". Only the character code of the first character in the string is 
returned. See character code table for character code.
CHARACTER CODE TABLE

EXAMPLE: 10 INPUT "ENTER A CHARACTER"; A$ 20 N = ASC A$ 30 PRINT "THE CHARACTER CODE IS "; N 40 GOTO 10 [10] The user presses a key to enter a character. [20] ASC finds the code number for the character. [30] The answer is displayed. [40] Repeats until the user halts the program. Return to Top

FORMAT: BEEP expression

PURPOSE:
Sound the beep with expression times.

REMARKS:
Expression is from 1 to 255.

EXAMPLE:
10 BEEP 2

FORMAT: CHR$ expression

See Also: ASC

PURPOSE:
Returns the character that corresponds to the numeric character code of the parameter. 

REMARKS:
See character code table for a chart of character codes and their relationship to characters,  e.g., CHR$ 65 is "A".
CHARACTER CODE TABLE

A hexadecimal number can be specified with "&H" in front of the character code (eg. A$= CHR$ &H5A) A value greater than 255 generates an error. EXAMPLE: 10 AA$="" 20 INPUT "CODE=" ;A 25 CLS 30 AA$=AA$+CHR$ A 40 LOCATE 7,1 45 PRINT AA$ 50 GOTO 20 Displays the characters represented by the codes entered in line 20. Return to Top

FORMAT: CIRCLE (expression 1, expression 2), expression 3 [,[expression 4]
                 ,[ expression 5] ,[ expression 6] [,[ S | R | X] ,[ expression 7]]]


PURPOSE:  
Draws circles, sector forms and ellipses in the DEGREE mode.  

REMARKS:
* Draws a circle with a point indicated with (expression1, expression2) as a center and the length (the number of dots) indicated with expression3 as a radius.

Expression1: An X-coordinate of the central point. It is 0 at the left end and 238 at the right end.

Expression2: A Y-coordinate of the central point. It is 0 at the upper end and 69 at the lower end. 

The values of the expressions 1 and 2 can be designated from the  numbers ranging from -32,768 to 32,767. However, when they exceed the range given above, a circle is drawn with the designated point outside the display as the center. 

* The radius of the circle is designated by the expression 3 in the number of dots. The value of the expression 3 is within a range from 1 to 32,767.

* The expression 4 and the expression 5 indicate the angle to start drawing and the one to end drawing, respectively, in units of  degrees. The values of the expressions 4 and 5 are designated within a range from 0 to 360 degrees. It is zero at the right side of the central point and draws in a counterclockwise rotation. If the values are not set, the angle to start drawing will be zero and the one to end drawing will be 360 (and it will be a circle).

Please designate angles in the DEGREE mode, circles cannot be drawn correctly in RADIAN and GRAD modes.

* You can draw sector forms by setting negative numbers for the starting and the ending angles because it draws a line between a circumference and the central point of the circle (a radius line). When a negative number is set, it is considered that its absolute value is set to draw a figure. Also, when an angle is designated in a variable in order to draw a radius line with zero degree angle, you can either designate -360 degrees or -1* a name of a variable. Even if -0 is entered as a variable, it is considered as +0.

* The value of the expression 6 indicates a ratio. A circle is drawn when the ratio is 1, and ellipses are drawn in other cases. If nothing is designated, it is set as 1.

           Y-axial radius (ry)
Ratio = ------------------
           X-axial radius (rx)

Set the ratio as 0.5 to draw an ellipse which is long sideways.

* Designate S, R or X to light on, turn off or inverse the dots on the circumference of the circle, respectively. If nothing is designated, it is set as S.

S: Draw Circle while activating the corresponding dots on the screen(set).  

R: Draw Circle while deactivating the corresponding dots on the screen (reset ). 

   This option is useful to draw a line in reverse video or to erase an existing line. 

X: Draw Circls, activating the corresponding dots if they are inactive, or deactivating the corresponding dots if they are already active (reverse).  

* The expression 7 indicates a pattern within a circle as below. If nothing is designated, it is set as 0.

    0: White
    1: Stripe (Vertical) 
    2: Stripe (Horizontal)
    3: Stripe (Diagonal line)
    4: Stripe (Diagonal line)
    5: Check
    6: Black

EXAMPLE:
 CIRCLE(71,23),20,,,0.5,,2
Draws an ellipse which is long sideways.

 CIRCLE(71,23),20,-45,-135
Draws a sector form.

Note: 
* Even in case to draw a part of a circle, all of the circle must be within the range (from -32,768 to 32,767), otherwise an error will be caused.

* Figures like circles, diagonal lines and curved lines may not be drawn with specific lines because they are composed of dots.

* Drawing mat not be precise when a sector form with a small radius is drawn. 

FORMAT: CLEAR 

See Also: DIM, ERASE

PURPOSE:
Erases variables that have been used in the program and resets all preallocated variables to zero or null.

REMARKS:
CLEAR recovers memory space used to store simple numeric variables, and array variables secured using the DIM statement.

Do not use the CLEAR command within a FOR...NEXT loop.

Use the ERASE command to clear specific array variables.

EXAMPLE:
10 A = 5
15 DIM C(5)
20 CLEAR

[20] Frees up the spaces assigned to C( ) and resets A to zero.

FORMAT: CLS

See Also: LOCATE

PURPOSE:
Clears the display.

REMARKS:
Clears the display and resets the display start position to (0, 0).

EXAMPLE:
10 WAIT
20 INPUT A$
30 FOR B = 0 TO 6
40 CLS
50 LOCATE 0,B
60 PRINT A$
70 NEXT B
80 CLS
90 END

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FORMAT: DATE$

PURPOSE:
Returns the date of System Clock.

REMARKS:
Returns the date as "YYYYMMDD".
For example.
"19991231" (If it is Dec,31 1999)
"20000102" (If it is Jan,02 2000)

Regardless of date displaying format for calendar and clock applications, it is always displayed as the above in this function.

EXAMPLE:
10 WAIT
20 PRINT"Date:";DATE$

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FORMAT: DEGREE

See Also: GRAD, RADIAN

PURPOSE:
Changes the form of angular values to decimal degrees.

REMARKS:
The device has three forms for representing angular values - decimal degrees, radians and gradient. These forms are used in specifying the arguments to the SIN, COS, and TAN functions and in returning the results from the ASN, ACS, and ATN functions.

The DEGREE function changes the form of all angular values to decimal degree form until GRAD or RADIAN is used. The DMS and DEG functions can be used to convert angles from decimal degree form to degree, minute, second form and vice versa. At the beginning of a program the form of angular values to decimal degrees.

EXAMPLE:
10 DEGREE
20 X = ASN 1
30 WAIT
40 PRINT X

[20] X now has a value of 90; i.e., 90 degrees, the arc sine of 1.

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FORMAT:
1. DIM variable name (size 1 [, size 2]) [, variable name (size 1 [, size 2])...]
2. DIM string vriable name (size 1 [, size 2])*size 3 [, string variable name (size 1 [, size 2])*size 3...]

See Also: ERASE, CLEAR

PURPOSE:
Reserves space for numeric and string array variables.

REMARKS:
DIM must be used to reserve space for an array variable. The size of an array is the number of elements in that array.

The variable name consists of a letter and up to 2 alphanumeric characters. For string variables, "$" is attached to the end of the variable name.

Size 1, size 2 are called the "subscripts", and specify the number of elements in the nth dimension of the array. An array with one subscript is called a one-dimensional array, with two subscripts, it is called a two-dimensional .

EXAMPLE:
DIM B(3): one-dimensional array B( ) reserves 4 array elements B(0), B(1), B(2) and B(3).

DIM XA$(2,3): two-dimensional string array XA$( ) reserves 12 array elements XA$(0,0), XA$(0,1), ..., XA$(2,2), XA$(2,3)

Integers 0-255 can be used as subscripts, but an error may occur if a variable with the specified size cannot be reserved because of limits in the memory size and conditions of use.

If the subscripts include a decimal point, only the integer part will be recognized (and the fractional part will be ignored).

The length of the character strings can be defined by FORMAT2.  Defined by setting the 1-255 numbers in Size 3. 

EXAMPLE:
DIM A$(3)*20

A$ is string array variable which is 20 character length.

Numerical array and string array variables are recognized as different arrays; thus, the arrays Z( ) and Z$( ) can be defined simultaneously.

The DIM statement cannot be used within a FOR...NEXT loop.

More than one array can be declared using one DIM statement.

EXAMPLE:
DIM V(5), K$(4,3), XB$(5)

If an array has been defined, it cannot be defined again. For example, both DIM X(5) and DIM X(3,4) cannot be defined since the variable names are the same.

When a program is executed, allocated array variables are cleared.

EXAMPLE:
50 ERASE X
60 DIM X(3,4)

Numerical array and string array variables are recognized as different arrays; thus, the arrays Z( ) and Z$( ) can be defined simultaneously.

The DIM statement cannot be used within a FOR...NEXT loop.

FORMAT: END

PURPOSE:
Signals the end of a program.

REMARKS:
The program will be terminated when the END statement is executed. All opened files are closed.

EXAMPLE:
10 WAIT
20 PRINT "HELLO"
30 END
40 PRINT "GOODBYE"
50 END

FORMAT: GCURSOR (expression 1, expression 2)

See Also: LOCATE, GPRINT

PURPOSE:
Specifies the starting point of dot graphics display.

REMARKS:
GCURSOR specifies the display starting point for the dot pattern to be displayed by the GPRINT command.

The screen consists of 239 columns of 70 rows of dots, which can be addressed by column numbers 0 to 238 and row numbers 0 to 69.  Any dot on the screen can therefore be addressed as a starting point by specifying the column number with expression 1 and the row number with expression 2.

EXAMPLE:
10 CLS
20 WAIT
30 GCURSOR (115,20)
40 GPRINT "1824458F452418"

Note:
The value of expressions 1 and 2 may range from -32768 to 32767. It should be noted, however, that if the value of expression 1 is outside the range of 0 to 238 or that of expression 2 is outside the range of 0 to 69, the display starting point will become a virtual point which is outside the screen boundaries.

FORMAT: GLEN "string"

PURPOSE:
Return total dot width of the string.

EXAMPLE:
10 INPUT "ENTER A ";A$
20 N = GLEN A$
30 PRINT "Total font width is ";N
40 GOTO 10

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